View source for Treaty 9

{{Short description|Treaty between First Nations and Canadian Crown}}
{{redirect|James Bay Treaty||James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox treaty
| name                 = ''Treaty 9''
| long_name            = ''The James Bay Treaty (Treaty No. 9)''
| image                = File:James Bay Treaty.jpg
| image_alt            = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
| caption              = The first page of the written document of The James Bay Treaty (Treaty No. 9).
| type                 =
| context              =
| date_drafted         =
| date_signed          = 12 July 1905 – 28 July 1930
| location_signed      = 
| date_sealed          =
| date_effective       =
| condition_effective  =
| date_expiry          = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators          = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories          = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| parties              =
* Canada (on behalf of [[Canadian Crown]])
* Ontario
* {{slink||List of the Treaty 9 First Nations}}

| ratifiers            = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor            = <!-- OR: -->
| depositories         = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| citations            = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY -->
| language             = English
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| wikisource           = <!-- OR: -->
| wikisource1          = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes            =
| image_width          = <!-- 200px -->
| date_expiration      = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
}}
{{Indigenous Peoples of Canada}}
'''''Treaty No. 9''''' (also known as '''''The James Bay Treaty''''') is a [[Numbered Treaties|numbered treaty]] first signed in 1905–1906 between [[Anishinaabe]] ([[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] and [[Ojibwe]]) and [[Mushkegowuk Council|Omushkegowuk]] [[Cree language|Cree]] communities and the [[Canadian Crown]], which includes both the government of [[Canada]] and the government of the province of [[Ontario]]. It is commonly known as the "James Bay Treaty," since the eastern edge of the treaty territory is the shore of [[James Bay]] in [[Northern Ontario]].

By the early 1900s, both federal and provincial governments were interested in taking control of lands around the [[Hudson Bay|Hudson]] and [[James Bay]] [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] in northern Ontario, traditionally home to [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Oji-Cree]], and [[Ojibwe]] peoples.

After nearly a year of delay from Ontario,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=James |title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 9 (1905–1906) |url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028859/1564415209671 |website=Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada |date=8 January 2009 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> in May 1905 both governments began negotiating the terms of the treaty's written document. Although ratification of the treaty required the agreement of Indigenous peoples living in the territory, none of the [[Mushkegowuk Council|Omushkegowuk]] and the [[Anishinaabe]] communities expected to sign were involved in creating the terms of the written document, nor were the terms permitted to change during the treaty expedition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=James |title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 9 (1905-1906) |url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028859/1564415209671 |website=Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada |date=8 January 2009 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>

One First Nations community in the bordering [[Abitibi Regional County Municipality|Abitibi]] region of northwestern [[Quebec]] is included in this treaty. Further adhesions involving [[Ojibwe]] and [[Swampy Cree]] communities were signed in 1929 and 1937.

==Timeline==
* 29 June 1905: [[Duncan Campbell Scott|Duncan C. Scott]] and Samuel Stewart are appointed as treaty commissioners by the Government of Canada. [[Daniel G. MacMartin]] is appointed as commissioner by the province of Ontario. They would jointly conduct signing ceremonies with First Nations communities on a set route through the proposed treaty territory.
* 3 July 1905: Agreement between province of Ontario and the federal Canadian government in support of ''Treaty 9''.
* 12 July 1905: [[Mishkeegogamang First Nation|Osnaburgh]] (Mishkeegogamang First Nation) signing
* 19 July 1905: [[Eabametoong First Nation|Fort Hope]] (Eabametoong First Nation) signing
* 25 July 1905: [[Marten Falls First Nation|Marten Falls]] (Marten Falls First Nation) signing
* 3 August 1905: [[Fort Albany First Nation|Fort Albany]] (Fort Albany First Nation) signing
* 9 August 1905: [[Moose Factory]] signing
* 21 August 1905: [[New Post, Ontario|New Post]] ([[Taykwa Tagamou Nation]]) signing
* 7 June 1906: [[Wahgoshig First Nation|Abitibi]] (Wahgoshig First Nation) signing
* 20 June 1906: [[Matachewan]] signing
* 7 July 1906: [[Mattagami First Nation|Mattagami]] (Mattagami First Nation) signing
* 16 July 1906: [[Flying Post]] ([[Flying Post First Nation]]) signing
* 19 July 1906: [[Eabametoong First Nation|Fort Hope]] (Eabametoong First Nation) signing
* 25 July 1906: [[Brunswick House First Nation|Brunswick House]] (Brunswick House First Nation) signing
* 9 August 1906: [[Long Lake 58 First Nation|Long Lake]] (Long Lake 58 First Nation) signing
* 5 July 1929: [[Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation|Big Trout Lake]] (Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation) signing
* 18 July 1930: [[Windigo River, Ontario|Windigo River]] signing
* 25 July 1930: [[Fort Severn First Nation|Fort Severn]] (Fort Severn First Nation) signing
* 28 July 1930: [[Winisk 90|Winisk]] ([[Weenusk First Nation]]) signing
* 1995: Diaries kept by [[Daniel G. MacMartin]], treaty commissioner for the Government of Ontario when the agreement was signed in 1905, are discovered as mislabelled by researchers at Queen's University Archives.

{{anchor|List of the Treaty 9 First Nations}}

==List of the ''Treaty 9'' First Nations==

{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
;Osnaburgh signing
* Osnaburgh Band of [[Ojibway]] (historical)
** [[Cat Lake First Nation]]
** [[Mishkeegogamang First Nation]] (formerly known as ''New Osnaburgh First Nation'')
** [[Slate Falls First Nation]]
;First Fort Hope signing
* Fort Hope Band of Oj-Cree (historical)
** [[Eabametoong First Nation]] (also known as ''Fort Hope First Nation'')
** [[Neskantaga First Nation]] (also known as ''Lansdowne House First Nation'')
** [[Nibinamik First Nation]] (also known as ''Summer Beaver First Nation'')
** [[Webequie First Nation]]
;Marten Falls signing
* [[Marten Falls First Nation]] (formerly ''Marten Falls Band of Oji-Cree'')
* [[Constance Lake First Nation]] (formerly ''English River Band of Oji-Cree'')
;Fort Albany signing
* [[Fort Albany First Nation]] (formerly ''Fort Albany Band of Cree'')
;Moose Factory signing
* [[Moose Cree First Nation]] (formerly ''Moose Factory Band of Cree'')
;New Post signing
* [[Taykwa Tagamou Nation]] (formerly ''New Post Band of Cree'')
;Abitibi signing
* Abitibi Indians (historical)
** [[Abitibiwinni First Nation]] (formerly ''Abitibi-Dominion Band of Abitibi Indians'')
** [[Wahgoshig First Nation]] (formerly ''Abitibi-Ontario Band of Abitibi Indians'')
;Matachewan signing
* [[Matachewan First Nation]] (formerly ''Matchewan Indians'')
;Mattagami signing
* [[Mattagami First Nation]] (formerly ''Mattagami Indians'')
;Flying Post signing
* [[Flying Post First Nation]] (formerly ''Flying Post Indians'')
{{col-2}}
;Second Fort Hope signing
* [[Chapleau Ojibway First Nation]] (formerly ''Chapleau Band of Ojibway'')
* [[Chapleau Cree First Nation]] (formerly ''Chapleau Community of Moose Factory Band of Cree'')
;New Brunswick House signing
* [[Brunswick House First Nation]] (formerly ''New Brunswick House Band of Ojibway'')
;Long Lake signing
* [[Ginoogaming First Nation]] (formerly ''Long Lake Band of Ojibway'')
;Big Trout Lake signing
* Big Trout Lake Band of Oji-cree (historical)
** [[Bearskin Lake First Nation]]
** [[Kasabonika Lake First Nation]]
** [[Kingfisher First Nation]]
** [[Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation]]
** [[Muskrat Dam Lake First Nation]]
** [[Sachigo Lake First Nation]]
** [[Wapekeka First Nation]]
** [[Wawakapewin First Nation]]
** [[Wunnumin Lake First Nation]]
;Windigo River signing
* Caribou Lake Band of Oji-cree (historical)
** [[McDowell Lake First Nation]]
** [[North Caribou Lake First Nation]]
* Deer Lake Band of Oji-cree (historical)
** [[Keewaywin First Nation]]
;Fort Severn signing
* [[Fort Severn First Nation]]
'''Winisk signing'''
* [[Weenusk First Nation]] (formerly ''Winisk Band of Cree'')
* [[Attawapiskat First Nation]] (formerly ''Attawapiskat Band of Cree'')
;Later Adhesions
* [[Aroland First Nation]]
* [[Missanabie Cree First Nation]]
{{col end}}

==''Treaty 9'' challenge==

The personal diaries of [[Daniel G. MacMartin]], treaty commissioner for the [[Government of Ontario]], written more than 100 years ago but rediscovered by historians at [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] Archives, supported oral histories passed down by Indigenous Elders that the agreements spoken by commissioners at the treaty signings did not reflect the written document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The MacMartin Diaries - Queen's Connection to Treaty 9 - Treaty Recognition Week 2018: Treaty 9 - Research Guides at Queen's University |url=https://guides.library.queensu.ca/treaty-9/macmartin-diaries |access-date=2024-06-16}}</ref> The unearthing of this additional primary source evidence triggered a legal challenge for mining access on First Nations land. MacMartin's diary suggested "First Nation leaders may have been misled by government negotiators as they were signing Treaty No. 9, says Murray Klippenstein, legal representative for [[Mushkegowuk Council]]."<ref name=Treaty9Challenge2011>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thesudburystar.com/2011/01/07/treaty-challenge
|newspaper=The Sudbury Star
|author=Ron Grech, The Daily Press
|location=Sudbury, Ontario and Timmins, Ontario
|title=Treaty challenge
|date=7 January 2011
}}</ref>

==Documentary film==
The James Bay Treaty is the subject of a 2014 documentary film by [[Alanis Obomsawin]], entitled ''[[Trick or Treaty?]]''<ref name="Ravindran">{{Cite news |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |date=10 September 2014 |title=TIFF '14: Revisiting history with "Trick or Treaty?" |url=https://realscreen.com/2014/09/10/tiff-14-obomsawins-trick-or-treaty-a-new-history-lesson/#ixzz3Db3Faj6l |access-date=17 September 2014 |work=Reelscreen |publisher=Brunico Communications}}</ref><ref name="Ahearn">{{Cite news |last=Ahearn |first=Victoria |date=3 September 2014 |title=First Nations doc maker Alanis Obomsawin mourns loss of Trick or Treaty? star |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/first-nations-doc-maker-alanis-obomsawin-mourns-loss-of-trick-or-treaty-star-1.2754706 |access-date=17 September 2014 |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |publisher=CBC News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nishnawbe Aski Nation]]
* [[Numbered Treaties]]
* [[Mushkegowuk Council]]
* [[The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada]]

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Long|first=John|title=Treaty No. 9: Making the Agreement to Share the Land in Far Northern Ontario in 1905|date=19 November 2010|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|isbn=978-0773537613}}
*{{cite journal|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 9 (1905-1906)|url=https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028859/1564415209671|website=Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada|date=8 January 2009|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=4 May 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://iportal.usask.ca/docs/ICC/treaties/9_eng.pdf Treaty 9]—Complete Treaty 9 Text Reprinted 1964.
*[https://www.cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100028863/1581293189896 Treaty Texts - Treaty No. 9] from the Government of Canada
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20110613170832/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/mr/nr/m-a2005/02690bk-eng.asp Backgrounder on James Bay Treaty 9]
*[http://pathoftheelders.com On the Path of the Elders]
*[http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/jamesbaytreaty/index.aspx The James Bay Treaty (Treaty No. 9) Online Exhibit]

{{Numbertreaty|treaty=9}}

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[[Category:Numbered Treaties]]
[[Category:First Nations history in Ontario]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1905]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1906]]